Mastery by Robert Greene: The Steps to Mastery Essay -- creative task,

I am act a Masters degree in Instructional Design and Technology. With this degree, I hope to gain the skills to inspection and repair revolutionize education with the use of technology. In 1907 Maria Montessori, embarked on such a journey (American Montessori Society, 2013). She was invited to open a center for children living in the poor, inner-city of capital of Italy (American Montessori Society, 2013). While working there, Maria began using approaches to educate the children that would find great success and become world-renown. Because Maria Montessori revolutionized education in a way that I hope to do, I chose her as the focus of my hero in Mastery research paper. In chapter five of his book, Mastery, Robert Greene (2012) outlines the way to find instruction. The first step to ascendance is The Creative Path (Greene, 2012 p. 179). Greene states that becoming a master will not occur if you are easily swayed by setbacks or desire a biography full of ease and comfort (Green , 2012 p. 179). When pursuing a creative endeavor one must pursue it with their whole being. Maria Montessori was able to achieve mastery despite the obstacles she faced. Montessori grew up in Italy and from an early age showed an interest in reading and academics, which differed from most females of her time (Adams, 1969, p. 49). Maria attended the University of Rome, much to the disdain of her convey and the university, and in 1896 she became the first woman in Italy to graduate with a Doctor of Medicine degree. (Adams, 1969, p. 49 Solan, H. A. (2007) p. 61). Like a true master, Montessori did not stop pursuing knowledge in her field. Shortly after graduation she was introduced to a narrower field of medicine and in 1897 returned to the University of Rome to study pedagogy and education... ...hrough their development of The Current his by his experiments with amputee patients and hers by dint of her experiments educating children with disabilities their study of anomalies hi s study of phantom limb syndrome and her study of the education process for the mentally and physically disabled and they both searched for the great yield him through evidence of his simple experiments and her through evidence from the Casa dei Bambini. Works CitedAdams, Anne H. (1969, September). Maria montessori a vignette. Education. p. 49.American Montessori Society. (2013) Maria montessori (biography of). Retrieved fromhttp//amshq.org/Montessori-Education/History-of-Montessori-Education/Biography-of-Maria-MontessoriGreene, R. (2012). Mastery. New York Viking.Solan, H. A. (2007). Maria montessori a biography. Optometry & Vision Development, 38(2),61.

The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Literary Analysis, Mark Twa

When I was a child, I talked homogeneous a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became man, I put my childish ways behind me (NIC 1Corinthians 1311)In the life of every individual, there be various steadyts and stages, such as death, crime, overcoming fear and undergoing moral growth, which transform immature individuals into serious and mature people. In Mark Twains novels, The Adventure of gobbler Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn, one sees this transformation and growth in the two primary(prenominal) characters by facing conflicts and events, these being Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry FinnIn lineage of the novel The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, one sees Tom as a crafty, intelligent, and imaginative boy with excellent theatrical skills. Twain invented the American archetype of the prankish, wide imaginative boy with a taste for adventure in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer.(Gillespie1) Tom never takes anything seriously, and never seems to have a subs tantive problem, as he is a careless individual. He expends his gift mainly on tricking and getting in and out of trouble. (Swan1). His carelessness is displayed, when his aunt forces him to whitewash the cope as punishment, as in The Adventure of Tom Sawyer Like it? Well, I dont see why I oughtnt to like it. Dose a boy get a chance to whitewash a fence every day?(Twain, The adventure of Tom Sawyer 13) Without even thinking of a reason for being punished, he manages to do no work by persuading Ben Rogers and others to whitewash fence.(13) Toms transformation begins when he aver the murder of Dr. Robinson by an accident. Unlike any other incident he had ever had to face, he faces this one with fears. However, feels wrong staying out of the situation. Sho Its t... ...leberry to betray Jim, Huckleberry keeps his companionship by protecting Jim from trouble.(Park 1) Goodness sakes, would a runaway nigger run south?(216) When the Duke and the Dauphin ask whether Jim is runaway slave , Huck stand up for Jim by intercommunicate them whether the runaway black will go down to south. Huck stands up for Jim and demonstrates his courage, showing his transformation from being selfish and careless to being loyal and fondness person.In Mark Twains novel Tom Sawyer and The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn certain event and conflict helps growth and transformation of the two main characters. Tom, a careless individual who seems to have no problems, grows and transforms into a caring person by facing his problems and struggling. Huckleberry, also demonstrate his transformation in his adventures with runaway slave Jim and by living with Widow Douglas.

Medieval Piety Essay -- essays research papers

Religion in the pose Ages takes on a character all of its own as it is lived bring out differently in the lives of gallant men and women spanning from ordinary laity to vehement devotees. Though it is difficult to identify what the average faith consists of in the Middle Ages, the spiritedness told of a radical devotee in The Book of Margery Kempe provides insight to the highly intense version of medieval paths of approaching Christ. some other medieval religious text, The defame of Unknowing, provides a record of approaching the same Christ. I will explore the consistencies and inconsistencies of both ways to approach Christ and religious fulfillment during the Middle Ages combine with the motivations to do so on the basis of both texts. A central component of medieval religion that is evident in even the slightest dissection of the life of Margery Kempe or the directed discipline from the author advising consideration is an unmistakable desire for religious experience. Eve n among married men and women who are occupied with family responsibilities, lay people during this clock time such as we see in the life of Margery herself are seeking more intense religious ways of living. Margery, as the example, lived with her husband with whom she had fourteen children. increment up influenced by the church, her spirituality came to a heightened level when she and her Jesus began having actual communication with one another. While the church was catalyzing religious experience in medieval communities, upon the realization of direct mystical connection with Christ in the lives of people such as Margery, the desire for the inward search for spiritual satisfaction spread. Another tendency of those practicing religion in the Middle Ages is to take Jesus words from the Bible to a new literal level affecting medieval lifestyles across the board. Where monks and nuns had typically been the only observers of chastity, fasting, and poverty, laity began to observe thes e life practices as swell. In Margery Kempes life, this apodictic understanding of Jesus biblically recorded or spoken words is evident among her commitment to buzz off vows of chastity, her desire to embark on long pilgrimages, and her steps of unquestionable obedience as she advances on her spiritual journey. The absolute submission of Margery and the dedication to perfect contemplation in The Cloud of Unknowing which warns, y... ...Jesus commands to Margery the contrary saying on one occasion go again to her husband and pray him to grant her what she desired (Windeatt, 59). Margery lived well aware of her desires and, though they often caused temporary conflict such as her chastity, did not neglect herself to such extremes as hiding the desires of her heart or the absence of knowledge. Similarly of the two texts, the practice of contemplation suggests that one comes to know God on the basis of both intellect and emotions. Margery clearly understands this emotional tie to the heaven-sent in her relation to the passion of both Christ and Mary and her sufferings on the behalf of them both. Though most probably did not practice their faith as devoutly as Margery Kempe, the central concerns of her life coupled with the practices taught in The Cloud of Unknowing reveal a faith that is defining of Medieval Christianity. Both texts act as a mirror reflecting the Middle Ages and come down to a same key ingredient desire. Never has there been a time like the Middle Ages where the prevalent desire to physically and emotionally experience the truths of religion was so widespread and evident in the lives of Christians.

Strategies Designed to Motivate Employees Essay -- Business Management

Strategies Designed to Motivate Employees One of a managers responsibilities is to inspire employees and encourage them to strive for duty and remain motivated even during the difficult times. While this task is challenging, there are measures a manager can take to generate enthusiasm in any works environment. Although different people are moved by different desires, values and goals, there are a number of generally agreed-upon motivators to which nigh people respond. The employees at Gullivers are de-motivated because of the poor environmental conditions. The employees work alone for long periods of time. This leads the worker to feel isolated. As well as this the tasks that some employees reserve out are repetitive and boring. This is brought on by the use of a production line. The employees also work in two day time shifts. The hours of these shifts efficiency not be suitable for some people, such as mothers. The times that shifts start and finish might clash with school hour, leading to people overture in late or leaving early. F. W. Taylor developed the early idea that to motivate the worker you have to pay him/her at the highest possible wage, through working in the most efficient and productive manner. This approach was called the rational-economic concept of motivation. Taylor believed if an organisation first evaluated the job to be done. Then came up with the best way to do each stage of that job. The lastly put the people in the right place to then carry out that job effectively. So the job would be completed in an efficient, producing more profit, which would lead to higher wages. Taylor believed that this alone wo... ...d the team leader allow discussion of any disharmony. Maintaining a highly motivated supply is key to a companys success. A lack of employee enthusiasm can alter your companys productivity, and ultimately, your bottom line. There are several factors which effect moti vation. A combination of techniques that matches the unparalleled needs and personalities of your employees will bring the most effective results. However any measures taken is only effective as far as the employee is willing to be motivated. Bibliography Laurie J Mullins 2002, Management and Organisational Behaviours, Financial Times Pitman Publishing imprint, Great Britain Susan Jarosz 2003, Class Notes, Borders College, Galashiels W.H. Weiss 2001, Building Morale, Motivating and Empowering Employees Supervision. Vol. 62, Issue 1 pages 1-2

The Old Man and the Sea :: Essays Papers

The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway, Earnest FVL Library 138 pp. The principal(prenominal) theme of Hemmingways The Old Man and the Sea, is not an easy one to pick out. At first glance the book seems to simply be a score about a guy who goes out and battles with a fish. However, in that respect has to be some underling theme. It could be the relationship between a boy and a man, and how both are treated by nature. This is illustrated by the boys parents not allowing him to continue with the unlucky senior man. It is also shown by the success the boy had and the failure the old man experienced after their parting. Still through all of this the boy remembers how well the old man treated him and does everything he can for the old man. On the whole, I liked this book. It was written in relatively easy to follow language, yet Hemmingway was still able to convey unbelievable images of picturesque settings in the readers mind. in that location is also an interes ting use of dialog, not only between the boy and the old man, but especially with the old man talking to himself. This is something I really hold innt seen used that extensively. I think Hemmingway used this to fill in the parts of the story where the old man is simply at a stalemate with the fish, when he is just sitting there being pulled around the ocean. The one thing I didnt understand about this one sided conversation was the constant reference to Joe DiMaggio. I dont know if this was simply a tribute to a great ball player, or some kind of historical reference that I just didnt get. The pace and general flow of the story was good. There were a few times during the struggle where the action all but disappeared, but on the whole there was almost always something happening. The plot was also pretty simple and easy to follow. Another quality of this book which I have seen in others I have previously read was the complete lack of a male-female love subplot. As I have said before , this often times just messes things up. In this oddball the only love affair was between the old man and fishing. However I would not say there was love between the old man and the fish.

The Old Man and the Sea :: Essays Papers

The Old Man and the Sea The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway, Earnest FVL Library 138 pp. The main theme of Hemmingways The Old Man and the Sea, is not an easy one to pick break through. At first glance the book seems to simply be a story about a guy who goes out and battles with a fish. However, there has to be some underling theme. It could be the relationship betwixt a boy and a man, and how both are treated by nature. This is illustrated by the boys parents not allowing him to continue with the unlucky old man. It is in any case shown by the success the boy had and the failure the old man experienced after their parting. subdued through all of this the boy remembers how well the old man treated him and does everything he can for the old man. On the whole, I liked this book. It was written in relatively easy to follow language, yet Hemmingway was still able to convey unbelievable images of picturesque settings in the readers mind. there is also an interesting use of dialog, not only between the boy and the old man, but especially with the old man talking to himself. This is something I really havent seen employ that extensively. I think Hemmingway used this to fill in the parts of the story where the old man is simply at a stalemate with the fish, when he is just sitting there universe pulled around the ocean. The one thing I didnt understand about this one sided conversation was the constant reference to Joe DiMaggio. I dont know if this was simply a testimony to a great ball player, or some kind of historical reference that I just didnt get. The pace and general flow of the story was good. There were a few times during the struggle where the action all but disappeared, but on the whole there was almost always something happening. The plot was also pretty simple and easy to follow. Another quality of this book which I have seen in others I have previously read was the complete insufficiency of a male-female love subplot. As I have said before, this of ten times just messes things up. In this case the only love affair was between the old man and fishing. However I would not say there was love between the old man and the fish.

Network Design Proposal

Unlimited Security International is a diversified company composed of two segments (Security Solutions, and Fire Protection) that provides spanking products and services to customers around the innovation. Security Solutions Sell, designs, installs and maintains integrated systems to detect intrusion, control introduction and react to movement, free, smoke, flooding, environmental conditions, industrial processes and other hazards. Fire Protection Sell, designs, installs and maintains fire detection, fire sprinkler, fire suppression, emergency communications, and nurse call systems in both new and existing facilities.Our global reach allows us to anticipate changes across geographies and industries, and deploy the ripe solutions rapidly. In the most challenging and demanding environments, we help our customers achieve their safety, security system and business goals. Unlimited Security International is a market leader in the $ nose candy billion+ global fire protection and secu rity solutions industries. Our 225,000 employees take great pride in knowing that they make a difference in the world their work helps protect and safeguard people and property. Our products and solutions help protect80% of the worlds top retailers More than 1,000,000 fire fighters around the world three hundred international airports 100+ major stadiums around the world 200+ hospitals around the world Nearly 9 million commercial, government and residential customers Communications Methods utilize by Unlimited Security International1. Desktop computers Used by management, sales, service, and administrative workers to conduct daily transactions, email, and training. 2. Plain old telephone service- Used to conduct daily conversations with customers, and field technicians. 3. VoIP Used to conduct secure conversations within the organization. 4. Video teleconference, conference calls, and Web-Cast Used for training, passing word, analyzing plans while saving money from travel expe nses. 5. Laptop computers and VPNs Used by management, and mobile employees. 6. PDAs Used by remote employees to view, and updateplans and documents. 7. Smart phones Used by mobile employees 8. Wireless vane 9. Global Positioning System Track vehicle location and usage protocols802.1q (VLAN) 802.3an 802.11n 802.16 (WiMAX) Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) Domain Name Service (DNS) Ipv4 Hypertext channelize Protocol (HTTP) Hypertext Transport Protocol Secure (HTTP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) lucre Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) Session Description Protocol (SDP) Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2)Management and MonitoringThe goal of our network rupture management and monitoring is to detect, log, notify users of, and (to the extent possible) automatically fix network problems to keep the network running effectively. Fault ManagementDetect, isolate, no tify, and correct faults encountered in the network. form ManagementConfiguration aspects of network devices such as configuration file management, inventory management, and software management.Performance ManagementMonitor and measure various aspects of performance so that overall performance can be maintained at an acceptable level. Security ManagementProvide access to network devices and corporateresources to authorized individuals. accounting ManagementUsage information of network resources. The management and monitoring platform will includeNetwork discovery Topology mapping of network elements solvent handler Performance data collector and grapher Management data browserTrivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and system log (syslog) servers are crucial components of this troubleshooting infrastructure. The TFTP server is employ primarily for storing configuration files and software images for network devices. The routers and switches are capable of sending system log message s to a syslog server. The messages facilitate the troubleshooting function when problems are encountered.Security ManagementThe goal of our security management is to control access to network resources according to local anesthetic guidelines so that the network cannot be sabotaged (intentionally or unintentionally). The security management subsystem can monitor users put down on to a network resource, refusing access to those who enter inappropriate access codes. Use the following methods of controlling access on the routers and switches Access Control Lists (ACL)User IDs and passwords local to the device Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS)TACACS is an Internet Engineering Task Force (RFC 1492) standard security protocol that runs amongst client devices on a network and against a TACACS server. TACACS is an authentication mechanism that is used to authenticate the identity of a device seeking remote access to a privileged database. Variations of TACACS inclu de TACACS+, the AAA architecture that separates authentication, pronouncement, and accounting functions. AuthenticationAuthentication is the way a user is identified prior to being allowed access to the router or switch. thither is a fundamental relationship between authentication and authorization. The more authorization privileges a user receives, the stronger the authentication will be.AuthorizationAuthorization provides remote access control, including one-time authorization and authorization for each service that is requested by the user.Accounting Accounting allows for the collecting and sending of security information used for billing, auditing, and reporting, such as user identities, start and stage times, and executed commands. Network managers can track the services that users are accessing as well as the amount of network resources they are consuming.Unified Communications1. Unified Messaging (Voice, telecommunicate & Fax) 2. Mobility 3. Audio & Video Conferencing 4. C ore UC (VoIP, IM, Group chat, webconferencing) 5. PBX Integration and/or Replacement 6. Contact Center 7. Communication enabled Business Process (CEBP)Protocols1. Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 2. Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) 3. Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 4. Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP)

Social structure

Introduction Culture harmonizes people conduct and at the equivalent time creates barriers between different groups. Donnan and Wilson (1999) have argued that borders of cultures and identities make up the least studied and understood phenomena of international borders and admit that borders are always descriptions since they are scattered constructions based on cultural convention. Similarly, most of the organizations meet the diverse consequences of culture in our modern globalizing world the cooperation of individuals, groups, and organizations is a vital issue for any friendly entity and largely depends on their cultural background.Individualism is an attitude that emphasizes the importance of individual oer the group identity and collectivism is the opposite propensity that emphasizes the importance of we identity over I identity (Hofstede, 1980). Individualism VS collectivism Just as Western businesses have intensified their efforts to learn from Asian organizations, so t oo has there been a rise in research on cross-cultural differences between the two regions. Asian and Western cultures have been distinguished along a variety of characteristics (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994 Triandis, 1994).However, it is the proportion of individualism and collectivism that has received the most attention by psychologists specializing in cross-cultural research. Cultural values of individualism and collectivism differ in their coition emphasis on independence vs. interdependence with ones group (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). In individualistic cultures, people are viewed as independent and possessing a alone(p) pattern of traits that distinguish them from other people (Markus & Kitayama, 1994).In contrast to such independence and singularity, people in collectivistic cultures view the ego as innately interdependent with the group to which they belong. Therefore, whereas people in individualistic cultures a great deal give global and snatch descriptions of themselves (e. g. , I am optimistic), people in collectivistic cultures might gather up how they could possibly describe themselves in the absence of data about a particular situation (Bachnik, 1994).To someone from a collectivistic culture, a relatively abstract description of the person can appear artificial because it implies that he or she is the same regardless of context (Cousins, 1989). cardinal of the most important consequences of these divergent views of the self is the degree of adaptity that is observed in fond settings. A meta-analysis of studies using Aschs (1956) line judgment task suggested that Asians demonstrated a stronger tendency to conform than Americans (Bond & Smith, 1996). In fact, the very concept of conformity may have different con nonations in different cultures.While conformity is often viewed negatively in an individualistic culture, uniqueness can be viewed as a form of deviance and conformity associated with harmony in a more collectivistic culture (Kim & Markus, 1999). Because the persons identity is shut outly linked to his/her social group in collectivistic cultures, the primary goal of the person is not to maintain independence from others, but to publicize the interests of the group (Davidson, Jaccard, Triandis, Morales, & Diaz-Guerrero, 1976). In contrast, most people in individualistic cultures assume that their identity is a direct consequence of their unique traits.Because the norms of individualistic cultures stress macrocosm true to ones self and ones unique set of needs and desires (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, & Nisbett, 1998), the person may be encouraged to resist social pressure if it contradicts his/her own values and preferences. Thus, people in individualistic cultures can be persuadeed to be consistent in their views and maintain them in the feeling of opposition, while people in collectivistic cultures might consider the failure to yield to others as rude and inconsiderate.In collectivistic cultures, self-esteem is not derived from characteristic behavior or from calling attention to ones own unique abilities. There is greater emphasis on meeting a shared mensuration so as to maintain harmony in ones relationship to the group (Wink, 1997). People in collectivistic cultures are therefore not motivated to stand out from their group by competitive acts of achievement or even making positive statements about themselves (Kitayama, Markus, & Lieberman, 1995). Instead, there is a tendency toward self improvement motivated by concern for the well being of the larger social group.Whereas members of individualistic cultures strive for special recognition by achieving beyond the norms of the group, collectivists are more motivated to understand the norms for achievement in the particular context so as to meet that standard (Azuma, 1994). Therefore, one might expect groups defined by collectivistic norms to be high in collaboration and achievement of collective goals, whereas groups with individualis tic norms may have greater variability in performance among its individual members. High context to blue context cultures In todays business relations, its a small world after all.As more companies turn towards global markets, professionals are finding themselves in foreign locales, wheeling and dealing like never before. However, the key to effective communication between countries is an understanding of each others culture, curiously a working knowledge of how each society conveys meaning. First used by author Edward Hall, the expressions high context and low context are labels denoting inherent cultural differences between societies. High-context and Low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning.Hall states that in communication, individuals face many more sensory cues than they are able to fully process. In each culture, members have been supplied with specific filters that allow them to focus only on what society has deemed important. In general, cultures that favour low-context communication entrust pay more attention to the literal meanings of words than to the context surrounding them. It is important to remember that every individual uses both high-context and low-context communication it is not patently a matter of choosing one over the other.Often, the types of relationships we have with others and our circumstances forget state the extent to which we rely more on literal or implied meanings. Novelist Amy common topaz describes the differences in cultural communication this way An American business executive may say, Lets make a deal, and the Chinese manager may reply, Is your son evoke in learning about your widget business? Each to his or her own purpose, each with his or her own linguistic path. When individuals from high-context and low-context cultures collaborate, there are often difficulties that occur during the ex potpourri of information.These problems can be separated int o differences concerning direction, quantity and quality. For example, employees from high-context cultures like China and France share very specific and extensive information with their in-group members (good friends, families, close co-workers, etc). In comparison, low-context cultures like the United States and Germany prefer to limit communication to smaller, more select groups of people, sharing only that information which is necessary. High- place setting parleyHall states Most of the information is either in the physical context or initialized in the person. ? Knowledge is situational, relational ? Less is verbally explicit or written or formally expressed ? more(prenominal) internalized understandings of what is communicated (ex in-jokes) ? Often used in long term, well-established relationships Decisions and activities focus about personal face-to-face communication, ? often around a central, authoritative figure ? absolute sensation of who is accepted/belongs vs. ou tsiders AssociationRelationships depend on trust, build up slowly, and are stable. ? How things get done depends on relationships with people and attention to group process. ? Ones identity is root in groups (family, culture, work). Interaction ? High use of signed elements voice tone, facial expression, gestures, and ? Eye movement carry significant parts of conversation. ? Verbal message is verificatory one talks around the point and embellishes it. ? Communication is seen as an art form-a way of engaging someone. ? Disagreement is personalized.One is sensitive to conflict expressed in anothers nonverbal communication. Conflict either must be solved before work can progress or must be avoided. Learning ? Multiple sources of information are used. Thinking is deductive, proceeds from general to specific. ? Learning occurs by first observing others as they model or demonstrate and then practicing. ? Groups are preferable for learning and problem solving. ? Accuracy is valued. How well something is learned is important. High context cultures are more common in the eastern nations than in western, and in countries with low racial diversity.Cultures where the group is valued over the individual promote group reliance. High context cultures have a strong sense of tradition and history, and change little over time, such as tribal and native societies. For instance, the French assume that the listener knows everything. Therefore, they may think that Americans think they are stupid because Americans will habitually explain everything to their counterparts. Former president Jimmy Carter understood the importance of high-context communication with his colleagues from Israel and Egypt during the peace talks at Camp David.When Prime Minister bulge was about to leave the unsatisfactory negotiations, Carter presented him with pictures of the three heads of state, with the names of each of Begins grandchildren written on the photographs. The prime minister repeated the n ames of his grandchildren out loud as he looked at the pictures, reflecting on the importance of the peace negotiations to his grandchildrens futures. Carter recognized that a high-context reference to future generations would induce the prime minister to return to the negotiations. Low Context CommunicationHall states The mass of information is vested in the explicit code (message). ? Rule oriented ? More knowledge is public, external, and accessible. ? Shorter duration of communications ? Knowledge is transferable ? Task-centred. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done and the division of responsibilities. Association ? Relationships begin and end quickly. Many people can be inside ones circle circles boundary is not clear. ? Things get done by following procedures and paying attention to the goal. ? Ones identity is rooted in oneself and ones accomplishments. genial structure is decentralized responsibility goes further down (is not concentrated at the top). Interaction ? Message is carried more by words than by nonverbal means. ? Verbal message is direct one spells things out exactly. ? Communication is seen as a way of exchanging information, ideas, and opinions. ? Disagreement is depersonalized. One withdraws from conflict with another and gets on with the task. Focus is on rational solutions, not personal ones. Learning ? One source of information is used to develop knowledge. ? Thinking is inductive, proceeds from specific to general.Focus is on detail. ? Learning occurs by following explicit directions and explanations of others. ? An individual orientation is prefer for learning and problem solving. ? Speed is valued. How efficiently something is learned is important. An individual from a high context culture has to adapt, and/or be accommodated when shifting to a low context culture. High context cultures expect small close-knit groups, where professional and personal life is interrelated. Therefore, a high context individual i s more promising to ask questions than attempt to work out a solution independently.References Brockner, J. (2003). Unpacking country effects On the need to operationalize the psychological determinants of cross-national differences. Research in organizational behavior, (P 333367). Flynn, F, & Chatman, J. (2001). Strong cultures and innovation Oxymoron or opportunity? In S. Cartwright (Ed. ), International handbook of organizational culture and climate. Wink, P. (1997). Beyond ethnic differences Contextualizing the influence of ethnicity on individualism and collectivism. Journal of Social Issues, (P 329349).

MRI Applications Imaging Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay

The voice genus juncturen is one of the well-nigh complicated joinns in the human organic structure. Because the join genus is so defenseless in m whatever value, it is also the most norm wholey injure marijuana cig atomic number 18tten, particularyly in the younger, athletic population. As a consequence of the enormous idioms applied on the constructions of the juncture genus during athletic activities, roast genus hurts ar as well the taking cause of long- travel by disablement of jocks ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . In add-on to other imaging modes such(prenominal) as computing machine imaging, ultrasound and general skiagraphy, magnetic resonance imagination ( magnetic resonance imaging ) is now unremarkably apply to picture the complex word form and pathological findings of one of the most of import joint roastns in our organic structures ( Harper et al 2005 ) .The cause of internal mental unsoundnesss of the articulatio genus send packing run from athleticss activities to effects of devolution. Arthroscopy was the primary method used to accomplish a comprehensive place of articulatio genus joint constructions before magnetic resonance imaging became widely available. In analyse to MRI imagination, the arthroscopic process is both invasive and expensive. With the outgrowth of MRI as a powerful diagnostic tool, arthroscopies be no endless routinely used to name internal articulation constructions. Alternatively, it is now more norm on the wholey used for curative benefits, and to clear up inconclusive findings ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . MRI has contri notwithstandinged mostly to the radical apprehension and clinical diagnosing of assorted hurts and conditions impacting the articulatio genus. The different constructions in the articulatio genus buttocks be visualize in great item on different MRI pulsation sequences.MeniscusThe semilunar cartilage ar made up of fibrocartilaginous constructions that attach to the condylar surface of the shinatomic number 76. The median semilunar cartilage remainders on the interior of the articulatio genus, whilst the squint-eyed semilunar cartilage lies on the exterior of the articulatio genus. Meniscal hurts atomic number 18 one of the most common causes of articulatio genus painfulness and disablement ( Alatakis & A Naidoo 2009 ) . Acute meniscal hurts ar typic altogethery caused by either valgus vehemence with external carousel motion or varus emphasis with internal rotary motion of the articulatio genus. Patients with meniscal harm normally experience hurting and swelling as their primary symptoms. Other common ailments include joint-locking, starting and snaping within the articulatio genus, or the inability to wholly un lower oneself the articulation. Harmonizing to swain ( 2002 ) , additive, complex, or diffuse increased manifestation persuasiveness within the semilunar cartilage and communicate with an articular surface are declarative of menisca l cryings on MR understands. Meniscal cryings whitethorn be described in assorted ways, which include horizontal cleavage, radial, parrot beak, peripheral or perpendicular, flap, bucket-handle, meniscocapsular separation, complex, and macerated ( Feller 2002 ) .Grenier ( 2004 ) describes the normal semilunar cartilage as a semi-circle of gristle and collagen fibers that appear as belittled, homogeneous foreshadows with wedged-shape profiles on all MRI sequences, and bow-tie profiles on mesial pieces ( work up 1 ) . Younger unhurrieds may look to realise intrasubstance signal around the peripheral border on the scans. This happening is sometimes mistaken for a jerk. However, the signal is more frequently masking vascularity, non pathology.Although the axial plane can be used to expose meniscal construction, anyday axial images at 4 to 5mm may be excessively thick to charge meniscal pathology. Harmonizing to Fox ( 2007 ) , a piece thickness of roughly 3 to 4 millimeter is more ideal in showing a meniscal break in the axial plane. The anterior and hind(prenominal) horns of the median and sidelong semilunar cartilages are best demonstrated on sagittal pieces, whilst wreath images best show the meniscal organic structures. Hence, the semilunar cartilage are best evaluated on the sagittal and coronal planes. High spacial declaration and an optimized signal/ go ratio ratio are alike needd to supply accurate visual image of the semilunar cartilage. At our pattern, PD- weighted fast spin-echo images are favourite(a) for meniscal rating as they can show the assorted classs of meniscal cryings or devolution. Meniscal hurts are frequently accompanied by secondary pathologies of the articulatio genus. Fat chroma is besides applied in the PD sequences to visualise whatever presence of ligamentous hurts and prepare affection hydrops ( Harper et al 2005 ) . conception 1. T1-weighted sagittal image of the practiced articulatio genus showing the normal b owtie visual font of the sidelong semilunar cartilage ( Grenier et al 2004 ) .Meniscal cysts can frequently do marks and symptoms consistent with normal meniscal pathology, and include swelling, hurting, adherence, limited mobility, and a tangible mass. They are normally unstable aggregations that have resulted from the peripheral borders of horizontal cleavage cryings or complex cryings of the semilunar cartilage. Meniscal cysts besides tend to be more normally associated with cryings in the sidelong semilunar cartilage, and are by and large accompanied by lateralizing joint line tenderness ( Feller 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Grenier & A Wessely ( 2004 ) , the cystic mass normally appears with low signal readiness on T1-weighted images, but has increased signal strength on T2-weighted MR images. Meniscal cysts can look in all imagination planes, but are best demonstrated in axial and coronal images.Ligaments Cruciate & A CollateralLigamentous hurts of the articulatio genus are common happenings among jocks. The constructions that function as the chief stabilizers of the normal articulatio genus joint consist of four chief ligaments the medial and sidelong verifying ligaments, every pussy dear(p) as the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) and posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) ( Tham et al 2008 ) .The most often hurt ligament in the articulatio genus is the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The ACL s primary maps are to forestall anterior interlingual rendition of the tibia relation to the t naughty jampack, limit rotary motion of the tibia when the articulatio genus is in extension, and bound varus and valgus emphasis when the medial and sidelong collateral ligaments are injured. Cryings of the ACL are normally caused by valgus emphasis or hyperextension, and normally occur in featuring activities that involve changeless quickening and slowing ( Berquist 2001 ) . Although best demonstrated in the sagittal position, the normal ACL appears as a th ick set of fibers with low signal strength on all imaging planes.The ACL is best demonstrated in the sagittal plane. In the normal articulatio genus, it is shown to attach proximally at the internal scene of the sidelong femoral condyle, and distally to the anterior shinbone and the anterior facet of the tibial spinal column ( see Figure 2a ) . However, due to partial averaging of the proximal ACL with the cortical border of the sidelong femoral condyle, the proximal femoral fond regard of the ACL is non ever demonstrated faithfully on sagittal images. Therefore, axial images can be helpful in visualising the proximal ACL and femoral fond regard. On the coronal pieces, the ACL is demonstrated as a level set adjacent to the sidelong femoral condyles ( Grenier et al 2004 ) .If at that place is no visual image or discontinuity of the ACL in merely the sagittal plane, it is normally sufficient in naming the presence of an ACL tear. When there is a tear today, the ACL fibers can be se en to be wholly or partly disrupted with unnatural morphology and signal strength ( Tham et al 2008 ) . Other marks of a tear are discontinuity and an change of the orientation of the fibers ( see Figure 2b ) . Harmonizing to Grenier & A Wessely ( 2004 ) , intrasubstance high signal countries tend to be indexs of partial cryings in the ACL. Chronic cryings are characterized with outstanding fibrosis and associated cicatrix formation. Because of the mechanism of hurt, ACL cryings are frequently accompanied by associated ligamental, meniscal, and boney hurts.Figure 2a ) ( left ) Sagittal proton-density image of the articulatio genus demoing the normal ACL ( sinlessness pointer ) ( Tham et al 2008 ) . B ) ( right ) Sagittal T1-weighted image of the articulatio genus demoing discontinuity of the ligament fibers ( pointer ) , proposing an acute tear in the ACL ( Grenier et al 2004 ) .The chief map of the posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) is to move as the primary stabilizer of the ar ticulatio genus, and prevent posterior interlingual rendition of the shinbone. It is located near the centre of rotary motion of the articulatio genus, and has a normal inverted hockey-stick visual aspect. Because the PCL is thicker and stronger than the ACL, it is injured less normally. However, hurts to the PCL can be caused by a say blunt force to the anterior facet of the articulatio genus. The force of the injury can force the shinbone back posteriorly in relation to the thighbone, ensuing in a sprain or tear of the PCL ( Roberts et al 2007 ) .Injuries to the PCL can show the same scope of visual aspects on MR imaging as ACL hurts, including focal countries of unnatural signal to finish break of the ligament. particular proposition countries of increased signal strength and break of hockey-stick visual aspect of the PCL are common indexs of a partial tear of the PCL ( Figures 3 a & A B ) . However, PCL cryings are non every bit common as ACL cryings, and secondary findings may non be as characteristic or well-described. The PCL is visualized in all MRI planes and sequences with a uniform, hypointense signal. Similar to the ACL, the PCL is besides best visualized on sagittal images, and can lead partial or complete cryings ( Grenier & A Wessely 2004 ) . Coronal images may be helpful in measuring the short diameter cross-section of the PCL ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) .Figure 3a ) ( left ) The upside-down hockey stick visual aspect of the PCL is shown in a sagittal T1-weighted image of a normal articulatio genus. B ) ( right ) The signal strength of the PCL has changed, and there is besides discontinuity of the fibers. The PCL no longer has an inverted hockey-stick visual aspect ( Grenier et al 2004 ) .The chief constructions that provide stableness to the medial and sidelong parts of the articulatio genus are the corroborative ligaments. MRI rating of the collateral ligaments is effectual, but can be disputing because of the anatomic fluc tuation and the thin nature of these constructions. The mechanisms of hurt to the medial and sidelong collateral ligaments are inordinate valgus and varus emphasis ( Helms et al 2009 ) . The median collateral ligament ( MCL ) is normally visualized as a level construction that begins from the epicondyles of the thighbone and attaches into the median shinbone. The MCL is the 2nd most normally injured ligament in the articulatio genus. The sidelong or fibular collateral ligament ( LCL ) attaches the distal thighbone to the fibular caput collectively with the biceps femur, and is the chief restraint to varus forces on the articulatio genus ( Grenier et al 2004 ) .The collateral ligaments are by and large best visualized on coronal pieces, looking as countries of low signal strength ( see Figures 4 a & A B ) . The LCL can by and large be evaluated on a individual coronal image due to its oblique class. The short diameter cross-section of the MCL can besides be demonstrated on consecuti ve axial images. These are indispensable in finding the extent of partial cryings or intrasubstance sprains ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . When there is a complete tear of the LCL, irregular contouring of the lacerate ligament with environing fluid or hydrops can be observed on MRI images ( Feller 2002 ) .As with the semilunar cartilage, conventional spin rebound sequences provide moderately accurate appraisal of the ligaments. The normal ligament may be good visualized on T1-weighted spin-echo images. But in the presence of a joint gush, the unity of the cruciate ligaments may be hard to measure. In our pattern, PD spin-echo sequences are by and large used in all imaging programs as they provide good contrast between the ligament and joint fluid, and show a greater SNR ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) .Figure 4a ) ( left ) Coronal PD images of the articulatio genus show a normal sidelong collateral ligament ( LCL ) that attaches from the sidelong femoral condyle to t he caput of the calf bone ( white arrowheads ) . B ) ( right ) The normal median collateral ligament ( MCL ) can be seen attaching from the median femoral condyle to the median surface of the organic structure of the shinbone ( white pointers ) ( Tham at el 2008 ) .Osseous PathologyBone bruising is frequently associated with coincident soft tissue hurts. Therefore, placing bone bruising besides helps to place other possible hurts. stress injuries affecting ligaments tend to avulse bony fond regard sites. Bone bruising at the sidelong femoral condyles and the posterolateral facet of the tibial tableland are normally related to acute cryings of the ACL. Assorted hurts to the ligamentous and meniscal constructions are besides associated with osteal pathology. Although blunt breaks can be good visualized on conventional skiagraphy, bone bruising by and large requires MRI to be visualized ( Grenier & A Wessely 2004 ) . Traumatic bony lesions, microfractures or trabeculate hurts that oc cur in the ague or subacute scene are normally accompanied by bone marrow hydrops. They by and large present as low signal strength countries on T1 images, or increased signal strength countries on T2 and deep suppressed images. Fat suppressed images are helpful as they will show an increased signal strength if bony jobs are present. Fat suppression eliminates the signal from the marrow, therefrom leting bone marrow hydrops to go more apparent. Figure 5 demonstrates an country of increased signal strength on a T2-weighted image, bespeaking the presence of bone bruising. Bone bruises and stress reactions can frequently look as a diffuse or localised country of low signal strength on T1- weighted images. A defined break line is normally non seen. However, any cortical or stress breaks that may be present would look as crisp, chiseled, additive subdivisions with reduced signal strength on all MR sequences ( Feller 2002 ) .Figure 5. Sagittal T2-weighted image showing a big bone bruise within the femoral condyle ( pointer ) ( Grenier & A Wessely 2004 ) .Extensor muscle MechanismThe extensor muscle mechanism is made up of the quadrangle musculus and sinew, kneecap, and patellar sinew. Injury to the extensor mechanism seldom occurs. However, should it happen, it is normally confirmative, and is frequently caused by strong quadriceps contraction that is opposed by forced flexure of the articulatio genus. Loss of map in the extensor mechanism and sever hurting are direct consequences of complete break of the mechanism ( Feller 2002 ) . Patellar open frame occurs when the kneecap has been wholly displaced from the femoral trochlea, and is the most common cause of break of the extensor mechanism. The disruption about ever occurs to the sidelong side. An arthroscopic process is normally required if a piece of patellar gristle is found on the MR images ( Stoller 2002 ) .Osgood-Schlatter disease and jumperA?s articulatio genus both root from chronic patellar tendiniti s. With Osgood-Schlatter disease, redness of the sinew occurs. However, with jumper s articulatio genus, micro-tears and collagen devolution occur as a consequence of puting retell strain on the joint with gestures such as leaping motions ( Berquist 2001 ) . Both entities have similar MRI findings, and are demonstrated as focal or spindle-shaped thickener of the patellar sinew, and may show with increased intratendonous signal. The increased signal by and large appears near the tibial tubercle with Osgood-Schlatter disease. However, with jumperA?s articulatio genus, the increased signal is normally present near to the part of the inferior pole of the kneecap. Overliing hypodermic hydrops can sometimes happen, taking to countries of low signal strength due to bony fragments ( Feller 2002 ) .Extra InjuriesInjury to the articulatio genus can besides ensue in hurt to other of import soft tissue constructions, such as the Bursa, which includes the popliteal, prepatellar, pes anserinus, semi-membranosus and tibial collateral ligament Bursa. Inflammation, or bursitis, in these countries can frequently be mistaken for other intra-articular pathologies. MRI is able to supply graphic visual image of these soft tissue constructions. The popliteal Bursa is normally the most common site of hurt. The normal popliteal Bursa may incorporate a niggling sum of fluid in the posterior facet of the articulatio genus, and by and large nowadayss as a focal country of increased T2 signal ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . Traumatic haemarthrosis can besides happen as a consequence of a meniscal or ligamental tear. MRI imagination is helpful in finding the get of the hydrops. A standard articulatio genus protocol is normally sufficient in imaging traumatic haemarthrosis.MR ArthrographyConventional arthrography has bit by bit become unneeded with the entranceway of MRI of the articulatio genus. MR arthrography is used merely when there is a demand to foster measure the post-operative menisc ua, osteochondral lesions, or show loose organic structures, in a patient with no joint gush. MR arthrography may be direct or indirect ( Helms et al 2009 ) .In indirect arthrography, Gd is injected intravenously. The articulatio genus is so scanned about 10 to 20 proceedingss after, during which some contrast would hold diffused into the articulatio genus articulation. However, indirect arthrography does non supply distention of the articulatio genus articulation with fluid, which is indispensable in this process. Hence, indirect arthrography remains more limited. With direct arthrography, contrast is injected straight into the patellofemoral articulation through the sidelong facet of the kneecap. If the radiotherapist executing the process is experienced, fluoroscopic counsel is non even necessary. MR arthrography of the articulatio genus is non presently performed at our pattern, and at the minute, no protocol has been established for this process. However, harmonizing to Magee e t Al ( 2003 ) , T1-weighted images with rich impregnation are typically employed following the injection of Gd. If normal saline is used as the contrast agent, T2-weighted or side echo images with T2 weighting may be used every bit good.MR ProtocolWith our 1.5-Tesla MR system, imagination of the articulatio genus is performed with the patient in a supine place, with a dedicated phased-array quadrature articulatio genus spiral. If the patient s articulatio genus is unable to suit into the standard spiral, or that the patient has trouble widening their articulatio genus, a flexible surface spiral may be used. Most patterns have standard protocols for MR imaging rating of the articulatio genus which normally includes coronal, sagittal, and axial positions. A standard articulatio genus protocol at our pattern includesT1 SagittalPD FS Sagittal ( Proton denseness with plump down impregnation )T2 GRE ( incline echo ) SagittalPD CoronalPD FS CoronalPD FS AxialSagittal images are likely the best imagination plane at showing pathologies affecting the internal constructions and assorted pathologies of the articulatio genus. Components of the median and indirect ligaments, every bit good as the next capsule, are well-demonstrated in the sagittal plane. Mid-sagittal pieces can supply visual image of the patellofemoral compartment, quadriceps, and kneecap sinew. The ACL and PCL are besides best displayed on sagittal images. The sagittal plane is normally sufficient in naming cryings of the ACL and PCL, as breaks or unnatural signal strengths bespeaking a tear are easy demonstrated in the sagittal plane ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . Images in the sagittal plane can besides be highly helpful in measuring meniscal anatomy for both devolutions and cryings.The coronal plane enables the visual image of the posterior capsule, popliteus sinew, cruciate ligaments and semilunar cartilage, the collateral ligaments, and the extensor mechanism. The collateral ligaments are besides often evaluated utilizing the coronal plane. Coronal images can be used in concurrence with sagittal images to show the cruciate ligaments, and to measure the posterior femoral condyles, which are common sites of articular eroding. The low signal strength popliteal vass are besides identified on posterior coronal images ( Helms et al 2009 ) .Due to the oblique orientation of the median and sidelong patellar aspects, every bit good as the articular gristle, the axial plane is the most equal at showing these constructions through the patella-femoral articulation. Axial plane images by and large serve as a localizer to find sagittal and coronal planning. Majority of the osteal dealingss between the kneecap, thighbone and tibua, every bit good as the fond regards of the cruciate and indirect ligaments can be displayed in axial images. The larger sidelong patellar aspect and the oblique median kneecap aspect are besides seen in the axial plane, as are both the sidelong and media n patellar retinacular fond regards at the degree of the patellofemoral articulation ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) .In order to adequately measure the articulatio genus, images should be obtain in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes. All three imaging planes work in concurrence to show all the internal constructions of the articulatio genus. For illustration, although the semilunar cartilage are chiefly evaluated on sagittal images, they are frequently supplemented by images in the coronal plane. Sagittal images are used to visualise the cruciate ligaments, which can besides be farther assessed on coronal and sometimes axial images. Coronal images are indispensable in showing collateral ligaments, but are besides supplemented by axial images. The patellofemoral articulation is best assessed on axial images, but can besides be evaluated on sagittal images ( Stoller 2002 ) . Hence, all three planes are indispensable in exhaustively showing the articulatio genus. The most no rmally used sequences for MRI of the articulatio genus include spin-echo or fast spin-echo ( FSE ) proton denseness sequences, with or without robust impregnation, T1 and gradient reverberation ( GRE ) .Image SequencesStandard protocols for MRI rating of the articulatio genus include sagittal, axial and coronal images. A typical modus operandi protocol at our pattern may include sequences such as PD- leaden spin-echo imagination T1-weighted spin-echo imagination and T2-weighted gradient reverberation imagination. Other nonobligatory protocols include a short tau inversion recovery ( STIR ) sequence in the sagittal plane.In PD-weighted sequences, the image contrast is dependent chiefly on the denseness of protons in the imagination volume. The images are typically acquired utilizing TR that is greater that with T1 sequences, and TE that is less than in T2 sequences. At our pattern, PD sequences are chiefly used in all planes to show the articulatio genus. This is because PD spin reverberation images have high signal to resound ratio, and are able to supply accurate anatomic item. When fat impregnation is applied, PD-weighted sequences have an increased sensitiveness for synovial fluid within meniscal cryings. This makes the sequence highly valuable in measuring meniscal pathology. The combination of fat impregnation with PD weighted sequences besides allows for high sensitiveness to cartilage and intramedullary osteal abnormalcies ( Stoller 2002 ) . Fat impregnation to supply a better presentation of any abnormalcy, appraisal of bone marrow abnormalcies, and enables the distinction between fluid and fat at their interface. Fat impregnation is applied to take the high signal strength of fat in the articulatio genus, therefore leting bone marrow pathology, semilunar cartilage and gristle to be demonstrated more clearly. Therefore, PD weighted sequences with fat impregnation is used in all three imaging planes to measure the articulatio genus ( Davies & A Ca ssar-Pullicino 2002 ) . However, PD weighted sequences utilizing fat impregnation normally require longer scan times, which can sometimes be a disadvantage to the injured patient. The effectivity of fat impregnation is besides decreased at low magnetic field strengths, and it is extremely sensitive to local magnetic field inhomogeneities ( Helms et al 2009 ) .A gradient reverberation sequence and T1-weighted sequence are besides performed in the sagittal plane. In imagination, a T1 image is obtained when merely one reverberation is generated utilizing a short TR and TE. The T1-weighted sequence provides a general overview of the anatomy and any gross pathology. Normal anatomy of the ligaments and semilunar cartilages can be adequately visualized on T1 images. However, in the presence of a joint gush, any pathology nowadays may go hard to measure. T1-weighted images are besides non able to adequately show the hyaline gristle as it appears of low signal strength, and is hence identic al from joint fluid ( Stoller 2002 ) .A gradient reverberation is formed when a brace of bipolar gradient pulsations is used. In T2-weighted gradient reverberation sequences, a small somersault angle is used, along with longer TR and TE. Signal strength alterations within the ligaments ensuing from hurt are more clearly demonstrated on T2-weight gradient reverberation sequences, therefore leting for the accurate appraisal of the unity of the ligament. Gradient reverberation images besides display the hyaline gristle with high signal strength, which in bend contrasts aggressively with next constructions of low signal strength ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . However, because gradient reverberation images do non supply equal visual image of bone marrow pathology, they are non by and large recommended for the rating of bony pathology, particularly in the instance of the injured patient.DiscussionStandard articulatio genus imaging protocols can besides include T2-weighted every bit good as STIR sequences. Conventional PD sequences were compared to FSE-PD sequences in 216 back-to-back surveies. Amongst the 216 patients, it was found that 42 cryings were missed on the fast spin reverberation ( FSE ) PD sequences, but shown in the conventional PD sequence ( Helms 2009 ) . Hence, Helms et Al ( 2009 ) concludes that FSE PD images are unacceptable in the imagination of the articulatio genus. Alternatively, the writer suggests that sagittal FSE T2-weighted images with fat impregnation would supply brilliant visual image of the cruciate ligaments, gristle and osteal constructions. Similarly, the survey states that although gradient reverberation sequences would do for imaging the gristle, but was unacceptable of showing the castanetss. However, a separate survey by Wolff et Al ( 2008 ) has found that FSE PD-weighted sequences are sufficient in showing meniscal cryings.T2-weighted and STIR sequences are non typically performed at our pattern. T2-weighted fast spin- echo MR imagination with fat impregnation can be an accurate and fast technique for observing and rating articular gristle defects in the articulatio genus ( Alatakis & A Naidoo 2009 ) . Because PD-weighted sequences have high SNR and can supply high anatomic item, we chiefly use PD sequences in geting articulatio genus images. However, it has been noted that pathology, which is characterized by an addition in unstable content, can be accentuated in the PD weighted sequences. One of the benefits of the STIR sequence is that the signal from fat is wholly suppressed. another(prenominal) advantage of the STIR sequences is that because they are based on the rapid T1 recovery of fat, they can be employed utilizing low field strength, and are non affected by gradient field inhomogeneities. Because the STIR sequence does non trust as much on the homogeneousness of the magnetic field, it can supply an alternate method of fat signal suppression. Bone hydrops can besides be assessed utilizin g STIR sequences. However, STIR images by and large have a comparatively low SNR. Thus, tissues with a similar T1 to flesh out, such as bleeding, melanin and Gd, may besides be suppressed ( Berquist 2001 ) . For this ground, STIR sequences are by and large unsuitable for MR arthrography or scanning following endovenous Gd ( Magee et al 2003 ) . This sequence may be used in our pattern if there is metal artifact nowadays. Metallic devices can make an inhomogenous magnetic field. This can ensue in countries of suboptimal fat impregnation. STIR sequences frequently result in reduced SNR, and as a consequence, images can hold a farinaceous visual aspect with loss of tissue signal declaration ( Helms et al 2009 ) . STIR sequences besides require longer scan times. later on reexamining the literature, it has been taken into history that some alterations to our current protocol could be made. It is my continued belief that the PD-weighted sequences utilizing fat impregnation provides that most accurate information sing the constructions of the articulatio genus articulation. However, some consideration is necessary in respects to the add-on of T2 fat-saturated wreath and sagittal sequences may be necessary so as to visualise pathology such as recurrent cryings, perchance replacing the demand for a T1-weighted sagittal sequence. A possible alteration of protocol may include FSE T2-weighted images with fat impregnation in all three planes. A conventional PD-weighted sequence with fat impregnation in the sagittal plane should be included, therefore supplying high truth of the semilunar cartilage, ligaments and gristle ( Helms 2009 ) . STIR sequences may be used to replace gradient reverberation sequences if there is metal present, or if rating of the bone marrow is required.When make up ones minding whether or non to alter the sequences, one must take into consideration the clip alteration that will happen, particularly in respects to imaging the injured patient. At pre sent, MRI of the articulatio genus requires about 30 proceedingss with our current protocol consisting of 6 sequences. The alteration in protocol uses 4 sequences, therefore perchance cut downing the scanning clip. However, using fat impregnation with a sequence tends to increase scanning clip. The add-on of another sequence that requires fat impregnation, or the STIR sequence, could well increase the sum of clip required for a knee scan. It is still a argument as to whether these excess sequences are necessary. Sequences such as the 3-dimensional spoilt gradient-echo and STIR sequences may go unneeded for the separate rating of gristle and bone marrow alterations, particularly in injured patients ( Davies & A Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) .DecisionMRI is progressively going the aureate criterion in measuring the articulatio genus articulation. It provides a more easy come-at-able, less invasive, and comparatively less dearly-won alternate to arthroscopy. It besides provides the injured patient a comparatively easy and comfy manner of obtaining all right elaborate imagination of their articulatio genus. Although most imaging centres have set standard protocols for MRI of the articulatio genus, these protocols may sometimes necessitate accommodation in order to outdo profit the patient. In order to make up ones mind which protocol is more suited, we must first take into consideration what consequence each sequence will hold on diagnostic truth, curative impact, and the degree of patient comfort.

Classical Approach Essay

These clinics provide a range of capital wellness rush services with nerve portion out much being a neglected component. The power at this level of the health tending system are expected to be multi-skilled with eye concern skills being one of their range of skills. The eye apportion personnel are usually primary health care nurses who have completed a break away in eye care. muckle screening and treatment of basic acute eye conditions such as conjunctivitis, is the main situation of eye care personnel at this level. In addition they should be able to engage in health promotion activities by developing eye health education tools and communicating these messages to the community the clinic serves. District health clinicPrimarily responsible for primary health care services and serves or receives extend toral from a number of primary health care clinics. These clinics are generally staffed by primary health care nurses with medical doctors on a permanent or part time basi s depending on the number of people in the catchment area or remoteness of the clinics. Furthermore ophthalmic nurses (ON), ophthalmic clinical officers (OCO) and/or ophthalmic medical assistants (OMA) are deployed in some countries to these clinics.THE DISTRICT health SYSTEM (CONT.)District HospitalSecondary level of care is provided in these hospitals. These hospitals serve a number of health districts, which refer patients to them. Ocular malady diagnosis and management, refraction and low pot are usually provided at this level. The district hospitals can be staffed by ophthalmologists, optometrists, ON, OCO, OMA. REGIONAL hospitalSecondary and tertiary level of eye care is provided at these hospitals, which are often the referral site for a group of district hospitalsEyecare staff may complicate ON, OCO, OMA, optometrists and ophthalmologistsPROVINCIAL HOSPITALTertiary and quaternary care is provided at this level. Serves a few regional hospitals which refer cases that cann ot be managed at a regional levelEyecare staff may include ophthalmologists, optometrists and ONDEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRESIt is critical that there be a clear definition of roles within the health district. Duplication should be avoided and a clearly defined referral system should be developed as in a climate of limited preferences and overworked staff, duplication is disunited and wasteful.There are various participants of the eye care teams. The following are the possible roles that the different personnel play within health districts. These roles can convert across districts and are often not consistent, in the sense that their job descriptions could change periodically depending on resources and challenges at the district level COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERSThe key roles for community health workers are usually screening, case decision, health promotion and health education. Key tasks for eye care include case finding and/or screening for ocular disease and refractive er rors. While the primary health care nurse is well trained and ideal for ocular health and vision, case finding and/or screening, outreach from clinics is usually very difficult due to the plethora of tasks and patient numbers at this level. The community health workers therefore identify an ideal cadre for community based eye care activity. They can be particularly useful in health promotion activity. This is necessary in rural areas in particular due to the high usage of alternative approaches to managing eye diseases e.g. urine being used as a treatment for conjunctivitis resulting in patients presenting at clinics with gonococcal conjunctivitis (Naidoo K2006, pers. comm). PRIMARY HEALTH CARE NURSE (PHCN)The Primary Health Care Nurse is based at the primary health care clinic. The primary health care nurse is primarily responsible for case finding and for the basic therapeutic management of a giving range of diseases. Eye care is but one of the many another(prenominal) tasks th at they engage in. In terms of eye care they usually screen for eye diseases and ocular loss and refer to the nearest clinic. However, they could also be responsible for the prescribing of presbyopic glasses after having ruled out the presence of any potentially eye-popping disease.Given the lack of knowledge about eye care their tasks can also include liaising with local community structures to promote eye care activities and uptake of the clinical services. The PHCN should address community groups and schools regarding the promotive and preventive approaches to eye care. An example is the alarming number of diabetic and hypertensive patients who are never informed about the mend of these systemic diseases on their eyes, usually due to the hectic schedule of clinicians who diagnose these patients. This leads to diabetic and hypertensive patients only seeking eye care services when optic loss has occurred. Such patients can benefit tremendously from preventive and promotive effo rts.DEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRES(CONT.)OPHTHALMIC NURSE (ON) / OPHTHALMIC MEDICAL retainer (OMA) / OPHTHALMIC CLINICAL OFFICER (OCO)ONs / OMAs / OCOs are mainly allocated to the district hospital but can also be deployed at the district clinic. In many health districts the ophthalmic nurses are the foundation of the eye care system as optometrists and ophthalmologists are un unattached. The ophthalmic nurses manage all ocular disease as well as conduct refractions in instances where they have beenprovided with the additional training. OPTOMETRISTSOptometrists at the district hospital level are a very valuable resource in providing ocular disease management and refractive services. However the current limited number of posts as well as the unavailability of optometrists for the public arena often prevents these appointments from occurring. Given the current remuneration scales for optometry and the lack of posts in many countries insufficient number of optometrists are mob ilised to take on positions at district hospitals. The role of the optometrist at a district hospital level in such circumstances should therefore be one of a visiting clinician to provide support for the ophthalmic nurse in the form of training and mentoring and managing complex cases.The optometrists primary location in such circumstances leave behind be at the regional hospital level handling referrals from different district hospitals. At this level the optometrist should provide refraction services, low vision services and ocular disease diagnosis and co-management/management.OPHTHALMOLOGISTOphthalmologists provide treatment and management of ocular disease, and surgical care. The lack of ophthalmologists as well as the attractive feature of the private sector makes it difficult to deploy ophthalmologists to district hospitals. They are therefore usually located at regional hospitals or large district hospitals. In order to significantly impact on the cataract surgical rates i n the developing world it is necessary to increase the role of the ophthalmic nurses and optometrists in disease management and co-management of post surgical patients.DISTRICT HEALTH MANAGERThe district manager is an integral component of the human resource team of the district. A corroborative manager can enable enormous developments in terms of eye care, as the allocation of resources in the public sector is usually centrally controlled. The decentalisation of tasks to the district managers from the provincial government level creates an opportunity for greatersuccess with district level planning. THE TEAM APPROACHThe public health system is often under-utilized due to the lack of a team effort in the delivery of health care services. The different personnel work independently and are often engaging in a duplication of tasks. Territorial approaches by professionals are quite common with a my role wit predominating rather than an us mentality (Croasdale A 2006, pers. comm).In o rder to effectively generate cooperation team training in the form of clinical and planning workshops are important. Further there is also a lack of integration between the eye care personnel and other departments. This hinders the effective management of patients e.g. diabetic patients should be co-managed between the physician and the eye care personnel.DEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRES (CONT.)CIVIL SOCIETY INTERVENTIONSThe LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) in India has developed an innovative model for the delivery of eye care in the developing world (Fig. 2-1), which has been implemented very successfully (Rao, 2005). In this pyramid model, basic eye care screening is done by Vision Guardians at the village level, at a ratio of 15,000.Vision Technicians in Vision Centres at the community level provide primary eye care (150,000), while advanced tertiary care takes place at the Centre of Excellence level (150 million).Tasks are thus divided amongst the available workforce, so th at the relatively few individuals capable of high-end tasks are freed to deliver those. Local communities should always be involved in the establishment of eye care services, and improve about eye care since available facilities are not always accessed spontaneously.The WHO recommends that the minimum target for mid-level eye care personnel be 150,000 populations.

Primary Data Essay

Primary data is that which is obtained by soliciting direct responses from individuals being queried. These individuals are reporting their personal experience, attitudes and feelings. Primary data is the government issue of inter collecting and survey methods. Secondary data is information obtained by reviewing the existing academic literature consisting of studies that have been done, analyzing what is out there, and determining trends or patterns of evidence from umpteen studies. Problems with primary data include the possibility that the query design is limited in the fact that it is given to a strictly controlled, limited group, which may non be representative of the overall population.The results from a convenience sample cannot be generalized to the population. Factors including but not limited to gender, nationality, economic situation and others could be evaluate to impact the effectiveness of application of results to real world situations. Sometimes researchers choose to disregard their own interpretations and to accept those of respondents at face value. This can be sexual but may lead to collusion Atkinson has warned of the dangers of romanticizing respondents accounts (Anastas, 12004). Problems with secondary data is that the researcher was not personally involved and does not know how relatively rigorously the research was done this may compromise his/her observations and analysis.Different methods used in qualitative research furnish parallel datasets, each affording only a partial view of the whole picture this is a natural feature of qualitative research, in that it acknowledges that there are different views of reality which have equal validity. Therefore, it is effective to expect for results that are comparable rather than in agreement, and which may be mutually supportive.

Anne Bradstreet – 3

Masab Mansoor 10/8/12 English III 5H Ms. Sanchez Anne Bradstreet Uncustomary and Unique A seventeenth century poetic writer, Anne Bradstreet is a very important take care in American Literature history. Born in 1612 in England, she came to America as part of a fleet of Puritan emigrants in 1630. Bradstreet is considered by some to be the first American poet. Her writing style is regular(prenominal) of Puritan writing in some cases, and in other cases it is atypical of Puritan writing. being a Puritan woman, Anne Bradstreet incorporated many ideas like religion into her writings, as religion was a fundamental, pivotal focus of Puritan society and life.In her verse To My costly and good-natured Husband, Bradstreet wrote, The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray (10). In this line Bradstreet is talking about praying to the Lord and heavens about rewarding her loving husband. This poem is more romantic than typical Puritan writing. This line is an example how Bradstreet included P uritan concepts like religion and worship even into her more personal, romantic poetic writings. In Bradstreets poem Upton the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666, Bradstreet in multiple instances wrote in a typical Puritan style, iodin with a focus on religion and the Lord.In lines 8-9 of the poem, Bradstreet wrote, And to my God my heart did cry to strengthen me in my distress. In this line, Bradstreet said that when her house burned down, her heart cried to God to give her strength in the tough time she was going to. Bradstreet showed how she believed in God as the one who provides strength in time of need. Also, in the same poem, Bradstreet wrote, Thou hast an house on senior high erect framed by that mighty Architect (43-44). God is the Architect that Bradstreet wrote about in these lines, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the house on high erect.Bradstreet showed that her focus was not on her burned house, but rather the house that God has for her in His glorious Kingdom. While Bradstreet does have many cases where she wrote in a typical Puritan style, she also wrote in a style atypical to regular Puritan writing. For example, in Bradstreets poem To My Dear and Loving Husband, she wrote, If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee (1-2). In these lines, Bradstreet expressed her love for her husband quite explicitly and openly, which was not the typical Puritan writing style.Puritan women did not express their views and opinions publicly as it was frowned upon, especially one of such romantic content. Lines 4-5 of the same poem notwithstanding show Bradstreets poetic romanticism when she challenged other women, saying Compare with me, ye women, if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold. This open provocation in which Bradstreet challenged and dared women to compare her love for her husband to their love for their husbands was quite atypical of normal Puritan writing.Not only did Bradstreet voice her ro mantic views, she challenged others to compare their love to hers. This romanticism that Bradstreet continuously included in the content of this poem showed that in some cases, she displayed a writing style atypical to normal Puritan writing. Bradstreet implemented a queer writing style in her poetry, one that included aspects of typical Puritan writing, like the focus on religion, as well as aspects that were not typical of Puritan writing, including her romanticism.Both poems, To My Dear and Loving Husband and Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th 1666 show how Bradstreet very interestingly mixed her two styles to give a distinct finger to her poetry the juxtaposition between the typical Puritan style and the atypical romantic style brought a unique style to her writing. Her distinctive writing is what makes her one of the most important figures in the history of American Literature.

Diary Task Unit 4 Task 1 Essay

In order to complete the daybook task, it is important that you use the format condition. Within this journal task, you need to draw from your experiences within your nursery placement.You need to ensure that your supervisor signs your diary sheet before submission (on the back page 360). Your work go forth not be accepted without it and your work will count as a late submission. You also need to submit your grading criteria sheet (Page 363). in that location is no word limit. You need to write thoroughly (but sensibly). You should not be writing as much as an assignment.You need to use the headings that have been confoundn to you below.Task 1 Choose TWO 2 ways from the list in which you have been involved in keeping children safe Identifying possible hazards in the compass Sterilising feeding equipment Encouraging children to use resources in a safe and controlled way Comforting a child who is ill and reporting necessary nurture to the appropriate person Dealing with a minor ac cident or injury Following a procedure to avoid transmitting infection Maintaining security during arrival and departure times in the settingP4.1 Describe your involvement in EACH situationYou need to identify the two points that you have chosen.You then(prenominal) need to describe your involvement in each situation (We suggest you answer them in two separate paragraphs)Remember to link to your practice and give examples of how you have been evolved.P4.2 Show evidence of your knowledge of procedures in EACH situationYou need to link clearly to your practiceWe recommend that you link to polices and procedures in the setting to demonstrate evidence of your knowledge.You can have appendices if you wish but only put in relevant information that you are passing to refer to.P4.3 assess briefly your role in EACH situationYou need to consider how valuable your role wasDid something go wrong? Why?What could have been done other than?What was the impact on the children and other staff?Ar e you given opportunity to develop your role in these areas? If so how and if not then what actions are you going to put into place e.g. meeting with your supervisor.Remember to reference to back up your ideas and provide a bibliographyREMINDER Please spend time on your diary tasks as you need to ensure you achieve a minimum of 80 Marks overall to receive a grade E. Please refer to the lay aside Candidate Handbook for further guidance (P.395).

Pompeii and Herculaneum

Pompeii and Herculaneum are unequaled and remarkable because of their extraordinary state of preservation. No other archaeological site gives us so frequently information active life in past Rome. Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried in the vol lowlifeic eruption in 79AD in different ways, effectively which preserved majority of both(prenominal) sites. These archaeological remains that were left behind, such(prenominal) as bakeries, food bars, brothels, fulleries, fuddle presses and the Garum industry reveal a bang-up deal about Industries and Occupations of this past civilisation.Reliability, usableness and limitations of these sources play a important role in the accuracy of information. Partially, much of our association about melodic phrases and industries comes from bakeries, as somewhat 33 bakeries have been lay down scattered around Pompeii. In source 1, the bakehouse of Modestus, 81 round loaves of bread divided into eight segments were make concealed in the oven . Although some households may have made their own bread, archaeological present reveals that at time of the eruption, most people had bought their bakeries. This evidence is in addition reliant on the fact that very few houses in Pompeii contained ovens.The bones of two donkeys were found still harnessed to the mills in a bakery in Herculaneum. This evidence suggests that most bakeries functioned this way. It can too be argued that slaves did this job as intimately. This evidence can be considered reliable and useful as of its number of convincing factors, and no opposing evidence suggesting otherwise. Thermopoliums (snack bars) have likewise broadened our knowledge about occupation in Herculaeum, as they were very common in ancient everyday life and seen throughout ruins of both towns . A total of over 130 small hot food bars have been place to this day.In source 2, it can be speculated that food was taken and eaten standing up, as few Thermopoliums had tables and chairs. genus Penelope Allison, an Australian archaeologist suggests that that the peoples busy lives probably left little time for long meals at the dinner party table. This evidence is concluding but can not be relied upon as limited evidence clarifies that they did so. The place of food bars in Herculaneum were mainly found opposite the Palaestra, this is revealing evidence of a great marketing scheme which we still use to this day. This allowed the business to attract more customers and therefore make more usiness. This evidence is also limiting but can be classified as useful in the development of increasing knowledge. Another aspect revealing much about Pompeiis occupational life was Prostitution, also know as lupanaria (brothels) was one of the most popular business in all of Roman society. In Source 3, a erotic image on the wall of a Lupanaria, reveals advertisement of particular specialities of a prostitute. We can speculate whether these images were painted on the wall to erouse customers, and or to illistrate different expierences that could be purchased. umpteen brothels also contained graffiti that mentioned the names of the women who worked their, and customers and the particular services they provided. These useful sources of information are limiting but pass on to our growing knowledge of Prostitution in Pompeii. Furthermore, Fulleries give us a considerable insight on the cloth manufacturing process in Pompeii. In source 4, the fullery of Stephanus, we can learn valuable information on manufacturing process of cloths. Paintings on the wall in the house of Stephanus reveal the process in which the cloths were cleaned.Jars found at the back of the fullery still contained traces of ammonia, which indicate that urine was a important ingredient in the cleaning process. We also know of this key ingrediant as Pliny the Elder states that camel urine was prized most of all. These sources offering information can be considered reliable and useful to archaeol ogists. Likewise, another Industry that played a important part in Pompeii and Herculaneum frugality was production of wine. In source 5, a wine press found in Pompeii, reveals valuable knowledge contributing to the production of wine, as the wine press was involved in the process of wine making.Many houses have been found with wine presses in them aswell as doliums, in which the wine was stored in. Wine was sold astray around the town, as indicated in graffiti on shop fronts. Pliny the Elder states that Pompeian wine could cause a headache that last to none the next day, this supporting evidence gives archaeologists a insight into the quality of which Pompeian wine was, although many customers applauded Pompeian wines, this is evidential by graffiti in bars.Majority of this evidence is both reliable and useful to archaeologists. Another addition to growing knowledge of Pompeii and Herculaneums economy was the production of Garum. Only one Garum shop has been place in Pompeii, th is shop is shown in source 1 and is supporting evidence towards the production of Garum. Garum was extremely popular, Archaeologists know this with reference to Pliny the Elder who quotes no other liquid except urgents has come to be more exceedingly valued.Archaeologists can also apprehend that Garum was distributed and sold widley around the Italian surrounding areas, we know this from containers of garum that have benn found scattered around the Vesuvius area, as well as traces of Garum jars found in France. As study performed by Robert Curtis, estimated that 70% of Garum was locally produced, this came from the remains of Garum in containers. Pliny statement can be considered reliable as well as useful to archaeologists, this is applies to Robert Curtis study. In conclusion, it can be argued that Pompeii and Herculaneum are two of the most unigue and important sites of the ancient world.

Postmodern Frame Essay †Text in Art Essay

The use of text inwardly to the visual contrivances can be traced back as far as the inscribed carvings implant on cave walls created by the Indigenous population of Australia approximately 46000 years ago. However, over the past some years, the use of text in art, also kn let as the art of typography, has become a back up means of communication for operatives in the creation of their whole earns. Text in spite of appearance art can be projected, scrawled, painted, computerised and mould to the point that a work may be created of nothing but wrangle. The art of typography is the proficiency of arranging type in such a dash that makes actors line visible. It treats fonts as individual entities to be enjoyed by the audience. Some workmans deal with manner of speaking as a character on its own as opposed to a sur spunk to draw upon. These artists place texts in moods that are intended to earn the way an audience perceives a work, to evoke emotion or to create a statemen t.However, others, particularly pictural designers, tend to rivet on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artists intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our appreciation of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art accommodate Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the ethnic implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through the inclusion of text that reflect a postmodern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary edict. Jenny Holzer is an American conceptual artist who belongs to the feminist branch of artists that emerged during the 1980s. Originally an abstract painter and printmaker, Holzer became heavily interested in conceptual art and began creating works using text.The introduction of text within Holzers wor k occurred gradually however, over time, they conduct entirely replaced images. These works are usually displayed in widely viewed, public areas. Holzers works typically deal with the idea of communication. She is highly aware of the power of words and the power of the media and therefore has a focus on the ability of language to distort or manipulate truths. I was drawn to writing because it was come-at-able to be very explicit about things. If you corroborate crucial issues, burning issues, its good to order exactly whats right and wrong about them, and then perhaps to show a way that things could be helped. So, it seemed to make sense to write because then you could just say it no painting seemed perfect. In particular, I didnt want to be a narrative painter, which maybe would have been one answer for someone wanting to be explicit. Jenny Holzer.Through the use of text in art, Holzer is able to communicate powerful environmental, social and political messages that reveal be liefs and myths and show biases and inconsistencies that highlight her social and personal concerns of todays contemporary nightspot. Holzers works are confronting and provocative and inspire us to make changes. They make us remember that language is not always a factual statement it can be trus iirthy or false depending on the context. Holzer forces us to analyse our own behaviour and consider how we have been influenced and manipulated. Her works are designed to make us stop and think about how we are maturing socially. Holzers truisms currency CREATES TASTE 1982 and PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT 1985 are part of her 1983-85 series Survival. These are conduct installation pieces consisting of large scale text that were projected onto a billboard in Times Square, bleak York.The inscriptions were bright, clear and menacing and connected themselves to the everyday glow of the city. The phrases were flicked over the busy intersection for twain to tercesome seconds creating an element of surprise and capturing the audiences attention. The main focus of these works was to make a with child(p) statement about the world of advertising and consumer society today. Holzers aim was to persuade the audience to break down and reflect on their lives. Her work emphasises the notion that within our society, we are driven by the world of media, thereby producing a mass corporalistic, consumerist burnish. MONEY CREATES TASTE is almost a plea from Holzer to stand back and respect our needs as a culture rather than what we are fed to believe we want by the media.The use of this concise statement PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT has shown us that we are in the butt against of losing our identity and sense of culture and can be manipulated by the underlying motives of the media. Shirin Neshat is an Iranian born artist who, upon turning seventeen, moved to California to study art. In 1990 when Neshat flew back to Iran to visit her family, she was confronted by the changes in culture and the narrow restraints of everyday life in the Islamic Republic. She was faced by a very strict, dainty form of Islam introduced by the Iranian government in order to erase Persian history. Since having lived in the two cultural contexts of Iraq and the USA, Neshat is able to examine the cultural concerns of individual beings in a metaphorical and poetic way. She attempts to regale problems of identity, race and gender in a shocking manner and intends to undermine social stereotypes and assumptions.Her works explore the differences amongst Islam and the West, males and womanishs, limitations in life and freedom, old and new and the public and the private domains. Neshat aimed to provoke call forions amongst her audience as she explored Islam through her art making and comments on issues related to feminism and multiculturalism. However, her works were not only confrontational and symbolic Neshat also paid particular attention to aesthetics. In her 1994 print and ink, Rebellious Silence, Neshat depicts an Islamic, Moslem woman, covered in a veil holding a gun. Her calm face is divided by the starkness of the cold, steel weapon and is laced with Islamic calligraphy symbolic of the Niqab, a more radical veil that an Islamic woman must wear as it signifies her obedience to the male supremacy in Islamic culture. Her clothing and weapon make us question whether this woman has rejected her submissive female role to embrace violence.She is looking directly at the camera and looks determined to fight. Questions of motives arise amongst the audience. Neshats 1996 work Speechless is a black and white photograph in which Neshat has chosen to make herself the subject. This image is a close up of Neshats face. She looks determined and powerful however, like her creation Rebellious Silence her face is covered with an overlay of Islamic text. The Arabic inscriptions that create the veil act as a barrier. It symbolises the jut out of the Islamic revolut ion. The visual struggle between Neshat and the veil is representational of the fight for freedom and the shop of religion. By putting the text on her face, the body part where people can identify emotions the most, it serves as a reminder of the power that religion has over women and the oppression it has towards free expression. The gun in the picture is other juxtaposition.The woman seems to be embracing the gun as a part of her, giving off a threatening feeling, but at the same time, it does not feel dangerous because of her conflicted emotions freedom versus oppression. The inscriptions tell of a man who died in the Iran/Iraq conflict of the 1980s. This is also insulting to the women who also experienced this conflict. Her art does not scorn nor approve of Islam, but instead encourages the audience to reflect upon their own ideas, assumptions and expectations. He works carry both(prenominal) personal and emotional connotations. Wenda Gu was born in China and studied usanc ealistic, classical landscape painting. He was employed to teach ink painting and although he no longer practices in China, text remain central to his work. This initial technical training has provided the incentive for his most confronting pieces in which the powerful use of language challenges social and political traditions.These are questioning and symbolic works that violate the orthodox doctrine of aesthetic value. They represent a direct threat to authority. Michael Sullivan. Gu ambitiously attempts to address, in artic terms, the issue of globalism that dominates discussions of contemporary economics, society and culture. He aims to appeal not only to the present population, but also to future generations in his quest to extend the boundaries of benevolent perception, feeling and thought and express humanitys deepest wishes and powerful dreams. Gu strives to jumble mankind and create a utopian feel within his works. Gu worked to simplify the Chinese language and to encou rage people to embrace new attitudes towards their old language. He combines a long standing captivation with classical Chinese calligraphy with a contemporary take on universal concerns that cross cultural and ethnic boundaries.Gus work today focusses extensively on ideas of culture and his identity and has genuine an interest in bodily materials and understanding humanity across ethnic and national boundaries. Gus 1994-96 work Pseudo Characters Contemplation of the world is a series of ink paintings in which he uses traditional calligraphic styles and techniques but subverts them with reversed, upside down or incorrect letters. The pseudo character series consists of three ink on paper scrolls in which he has combined calligraphy and landscape, disrupting the conventions of both, powerfully distorting artistic tradition of China. Gu has attacked the written word by glorifying the spirit of the absurd. Gus most significant artworks have been a series entitled United Nations Proje ct. This is a series of 15 works that were conceptually planned to relate to the locations social, political, historical and cultural situation.This series confronts two taboos. That of language and the human body. The main material for these installations are human pilus collected from hairdressers from all over the world and the hair itself serves as a connection to all people. They typically consisted of screens tied together with twine, forming a canopy of internationally collected hair that was fashioned into nonsensical scripts combining the Chinese alphabet and others. His works are distinguished by the two themes which intersect. The first relates to language and the way in which cultural conventions are signified ad the second, is the use of human hair which is a symbol for significant human endeavours.The human hair is a blueprint containing desoxyribonucleic acid information, which is common to all humans yet seen fundamentally as individual. Jenny Holzer, Shirin Neshat and Wenda Gu all explore the cultural implications of language within art. They share a prime focus on the links between culture and identity. They have used language and text to convey their powerful messages and have drawn upon their own personal experiences. Concerned with the human condition, both they and their artworks have had a significant impact on society and the way in which we interpret information.Madison ********Year 12 Visual Arts Art tarradiddle and Art Criticism.Essay on TextThe inclusion of text in artworks reflects a post-modern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society and the importance of language to identity. Explore the cultural implications of language in the work of Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and one other contemporary artist. Analyse specific artworks to support your argument.