Classical Approach Essay

These clinics provide a range of capital wellness rush services with nerve portion out much being a neglected component. The power at this level of the health tending system are expected to be multi-skilled with eye concern skills being one of their range of skills. The eye apportion personnel are usually primary health care nurses who have completed a break away in eye care. muckle screening and treatment of basic acute eye conditions such as conjunctivitis, is the main situation of eye care personnel at this level. In addition they should be able to engage in health promotion activities by developing eye health education tools and communicating these messages to the community the clinic serves. District health clinicPrimarily responsible for primary health care services and serves or receives extend toral from a number of primary health care clinics. These clinics are generally staffed by primary health care nurses with medical doctors on a permanent or part time basi s depending on the number of people in the catchment area or remoteness of the clinics. Furthermore ophthalmic nurses (ON), ophthalmic clinical officers (OCO) and/or ophthalmic medical assistants (OMA) are deployed in some countries to these clinics.THE DISTRICT health SYSTEM (CONT.)District HospitalSecondary level of care is provided in these hospitals. These hospitals serve a number of health districts, which refer patients to them. Ocular malady diagnosis and management, refraction and low pot are usually provided at this level. The district hospitals can be staffed by ophthalmologists, optometrists, ON, OCO, OMA. REGIONAL hospitalSecondary and tertiary level of eye care is provided at these hospitals, which are often the referral site for a group of district hospitalsEyecare staff may complicate ON, OCO, OMA, optometrists and ophthalmologistsPROVINCIAL HOSPITALTertiary and quaternary care is provided at this level. Serves a few regional hospitals which refer cases that cann ot be managed at a regional levelEyecare staff may include ophthalmologists, optometrists and ONDEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRESIt is critical that there be a clear definition of roles within the health district. Duplication should be avoided and a clearly defined referral system should be developed as in a climate of limited preferences and overworked staff, duplication is disunited and wasteful.There are various participants of the eye care teams. The following are the possible roles that the different personnel play within health districts. These roles can convert across districts and are often not consistent, in the sense that their job descriptions could change periodically depending on resources and challenges at the district level COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERSThe key roles for community health workers are usually screening, case decision, health promotion and health education. Key tasks for eye care include case finding and/or screening for ocular disease and refractive er rors. While the primary health care nurse is well trained and ideal for ocular health and vision, case finding and/or screening, outreach from clinics is usually very difficult due to the plethora of tasks and patient numbers at this level. The community health workers therefore identify an ideal cadre for community based eye care activity. They can be particularly useful in health promotion activity. This is necessary in rural areas in particular due to the high usage of alternative approaches to managing eye diseases e.g. urine being used as a treatment for conjunctivitis resulting in patients presenting at clinics with gonococcal conjunctivitis (Naidoo K2006, pers. comm). PRIMARY HEALTH CARE NURSE (PHCN)The Primary Health Care Nurse is based at the primary health care clinic. The primary health care nurse is primarily responsible for case finding and for the basic therapeutic management of a giving range of diseases. Eye care is but one of the many another(prenominal) tasks th at they engage in. In terms of eye care they usually screen for eye diseases and ocular loss and refer to the nearest clinic. However, they could also be responsible for the prescribing of presbyopic glasses after having ruled out the presence of any potentially eye-popping disease.Given the lack of knowledge about eye care their tasks can also include liaising with local community structures to promote eye care activities and uptake of the clinical services. The PHCN should address community groups and schools regarding the promotive and preventive approaches to eye care. An example is the alarming number of diabetic and hypertensive patients who are never informed about the mend of these systemic diseases on their eyes, usually due to the hectic schedule of clinicians who diagnose these patients. This leads to diabetic and hypertensive patients only seeking eye care services when optic loss has occurred. Such patients can benefit tremendously from preventive and promotive effo rts.DEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRES(CONT.)OPHTHALMIC NURSE (ON) / OPHTHALMIC MEDICAL retainer (OMA) / OPHTHALMIC CLINICAL OFFICER (OCO)ONs / OMAs / OCOs are mainly allocated to the district hospital but can also be deployed at the district clinic. In many health districts the ophthalmic nurses are the foundation of the eye care system as optometrists and ophthalmologists are un unattached. The ophthalmic nurses manage all ocular disease as well as conduct refractions in instances where they have beenprovided with the additional training. OPTOMETRISTSOptometrists at the district hospital level are a very valuable resource in providing ocular disease management and refractive services. However the current limited number of posts as well as the unavailability of optometrists for the public arena often prevents these appointments from occurring. Given the current remuneration scales for optometry and the lack of posts in many countries insufficient number of optometrists are mob ilised to take on positions at district hospitals. The role of the optometrist at a district hospital level in such circumstances should therefore be one of a visiting clinician to provide support for the ophthalmic nurse in the form of training and mentoring and managing complex cases.The optometrists primary location in such circumstances leave behind be at the regional hospital level handling referrals from different district hospitals. At this level the optometrist should provide refraction services, low vision services and ocular disease diagnosis and co-management/management.OPHTHALMOLOGISTOphthalmologists provide treatment and management of ocular disease, and surgical care. The lack of ophthalmologists as well as the attractive feature of the private sector makes it difficult to deploy ophthalmologists to district hospitals. They are therefore usually located at regional hospitals or large district hospitals. In order to significantly impact on the cataract surgical rates i n the developing world it is necessary to increase the role of the ophthalmic nurses and optometrists in disease management and co-management of post surgical patients.DISTRICT HEALTH MANAGERThe district manager is an integral component of the human resource team of the district. A corroborative manager can enable enormous developments in terms of eye care, as the allocation of resources in the public sector is usually centrally controlled. The decentalisation of tasks to the district managers from the provincial government level creates an opportunity for greatersuccess with district level planning. THE TEAM APPROACHThe public health system is often under-utilized due to the lack of a team effort in the delivery of health care services. The different personnel work independently and are often engaging in a duplication of tasks. Territorial approaches by professionals are quite common with a my role wit predominating rather than an us mentality (Croasdale A 2006, pers. comm).In o rder to effectively generate cooperation team training in the form of clinical and planning workshops are important. Further there is also a lack of integration between the eye care personnel and other departments. This hinders the effective management of patients e.g. diabetic patients should be co-managed between the physician and the eye care personnel.DEFINING THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT CADRES (CONT.)CIVIL SOCIETY INTERVENTIONSThe LV Prasad Eye Institute (LVPEI) in India has developed an innovative model for the delivery of eye care in the developing world (Fig. 2-1), which has been implemented very successfully (Rao, 2005). In this pyramid model, basic eye care screening is done by Vision Guardians at the village level, at a ratio of 15,000.Vision Technicians in Vision Centres at the community level provide primary eye care (150,000), while advanced tertiary care takes place at the Centre of Excellence level (150 million).Tasks are thus divided amongst the available workforce, so th at the relatively few individuals capable of high-end tasks are freed to deliver those. Local communities should always be involved in the establishment of eye care services, and improve about eye care since available facilities are not always accessed spontaneously.The WHO recommends that the minimum target for mid-level eye care personnel be 150,000 populations.